心术
有了人工智能帮忙 这届世界杯的越位判罚将更快、更准_我的网站
A | Wellington, Oct 17 (UNI) An investigation into disgraced former Breakfast host Kamahl Santamaria by the BBC claims several new allegations of sexual harassment were made against him at his previous employer.
Current and former employees at Al Jazeera, where Santamaria previously worked, have alleged the company "fostered a toxic work culture", where complaints of harassment, sexism, bullying and racism went unaddressed, the BBC said.
Employees at Al Jazeera alleged Santamaria's behaviour was "brazen", but was never reported because they saw him as a "network star".
A young producer at Al Jazeera alleged she would have to "wipe Kamahl's saliva from my face", after non-consensual kissing and touching - according to the BBC report.
She said Santamaria sent inappropriate messages to her: "A professional man in a serious newsroom should not have to be told, more than once, not to message his colleague about how hot she looks or reference her 'tits' or invite her to cuddle even if he thinks they are 'friends'."
She told a colleague and a manager about the behaviour. Employees told the BBC they struggled to raise issues working in the newsroom in Doha, Qatar.
A male employee currently working for Al Jazeera alleged that Santamaria non-consensually kissed him on the mouth in the newsroom.
Santamaria allegedly kissed another co-worker on her neck. "I felt so embarrassed and mortified and really worried that people would think I was involved with him or trying to be - I was still making friends, didn't have anyone in management that I could've talked to about it," she said.
A freelancer for the company alleged Santamaria's behaviour was "textbook grooming". She did not raise a formal complaint for alleged unwanting hugging, sexual comments and texts.
Al Jazeera told the BBC it "considers its staff across the world the backbone and foundation of the company - their safety and wellbeing are of utmost importance".
Santamaria last week apologised for the inappropriate behaviour that led to his sudden departure. At the time he said more accusations about harassment claims were about to surface.
In a lengthy statement published on his website, Santamaria apologised for his behaviour - saying what he believed to be "a bit of banter" and flirtatious behaviour was not appropriate.
"I want to apologise for any and all behaviour that may have made anyone feel uncomfortable at any time.
"It has been mortifying to discover that my actions have caused people to feel uncomfortable around me.
"It has never been my intention to make people feel that way, and I offer my sincerest apologies to them and anyone else affected by my behaviour.
"As a journalist, and a person, I should have done better. I should have been better."
The BBC reported that allegations go beyond Santamaria, with at least two other men accused of harassing a former producer.
Employees told the BBC they had little confidence the allegations against Santamaria and others would lead to change at Al Jazeera, where they accused managers of looking the other way for years.
The BBC saw an email from 2016 which was sent to the news director highlighting allegations of sexual harassment, bullying, nepotism and toxic behaviour in the Doha newsroom.
At least 10 employees told the BBC the news director was aware of the accusations against Santamaria, but continued to put him on air.
The resulting controversy at TVNZ led the Head of News and Current Affairs Paul Yurisich to go on leave, and eventually resign on July 27.
Santamaria was hired by TVNZ in April to replace departing Breakfast host John Campbell, but resigned suddenly after just 31 days on air. Santamaria abruptly disappeared from New Zealand TV screens on May 19.
Santamaria was shoulder-tapped for the Breakfast role by then-head of news and current affairs Yurisich - who had worked with Santamaria for many years at Al Jazeera. The veteran broadcaster subsequently resigned as allegations emerged that a complaint had been made by a younger female TVNZ staffer of inappropriate behaviour by Santamaria.
UNI ING。
B | 近日，国际足联在其官方网站宣布，今年冬天举行的国际足联卡塔尔世界杯将首次正式使用半自动越位判罚技术，该技术将利用人工智能来辅助主裁判做出更精准的越位判罚，最大程度降低越位误判情况的出现。人类仅靠双眼很难准确判定越位 越位规则说起来并不复杂，抛开一些特殊情况不谈，通常来讲，其要求进攻方队员在传出最后一脚球的同时，最后一个接球的进攻队员的身体有效部位不得超过防守方距离本方球门倒数第二远的队员的身体。虽然说起来仅是短短几句话，但在实际的比赛判罚中，要想准确无误地判断越位，无疑是件挺困难的事。根据北京体育大学中国足球运动学院教师、国际级足球裁判员艾堃介绍，要想做出一个准确的越位判罚，裁判要在最后一脚传球的一瞬间，厘清传球队员、接球队员和防守队员三者身体之间的位置关系。“球员时刻都在不停地运动，要在传球的一瞬间同时定位多名队员之间的位置关系，这对于人眼来说是很有挑战性的。
C | ”艾堃说，因此为了能够更加清楚地判断球员是否越位，足球比赛中会在两条边线外各设有一名助理裁判，以便其可以利用最佳观察视角，在瞬间做出准确的越位判罚。但随着足球运动水平的不断提高，比赛节奏不断加快，进攻方式也越来越多样，即使助理裁判有着绝佳的观察位置和鹰一般敏锐的双眼，想要单纯依靠人眼做出总是完全准确的越位判罚，已经越来越难。
D | 而随着视频转播技术的快速发展，尤其是高速摄像机的广泛应用，能够反复回放的转播画面不仅提升了比赛的公平性，也给利用视频技术辅助判罚提供了可能，VAR视频助理裁判（以下简称VAR）便应运而生。艾堃向记者介绍，主办方通过布置在球场内的10—30个摄像机，来实现对比赛的实时记录，当出现影响比赛的关键节点时，VAR便会通过回放视频画面为场上主裁提供判罚参考。具体到越位判罚，艾堃表示，裁判首先要利用VAR进行“打点”，即通过逐帧回放，确定进攻队员传出最后一脚球的时间。随后再以打点确定的时间为依据进行“画线”，确定接球的进攻队员和防守方距离本方球门倒数第二远的队员之间的相对位置，画出2D和3D的越位线。虽然相比人眼，VAR有着更精准的观察方式，但其动辄长达数分钟的判罚时间、吹毛求疵的判罚尺度等，仍然屡遭球迷诟病。而在艾堃看来，“虽然目前VAR并不完美，但它确实为包括越位在内的判罚提供了真实客观的事实依据。” AI助裁判实现对越位的“一键判罚” 面对VAR称不上完美的表现，国际足联决定再进一步，引入人工智能技术来辅助越位判罚。相比VAR仍然依靠裁判员手动打点、画线，此次卡塔尔世界杯中即将应用的半自动越位判罚技术，则将这一过程完全交给人工智能系统，帮助裁判员实现对越位的“一键判罚”。但面对资深球迷都不容易讲清楚的越位规则，人工智能真的可以理解吗？事实上，对于人工智能来说，是否真正理解什么是越位并不重要，它要做的只是对收集到的各类数据进行对比、判断，进而得出客观结果。其系统的运行路径可以拆分为两个关键步骤。
E | 首先，要确定进攻队员最后一脚传球的时间。这一方面主要依赖于本届卡塔尔世界杯的官方比赛用球Al Rihla。其内置的惯性测量单元（IMU）传感器在数个柔软支架的支撑下被放置在了皮球内部的正中心，能够以每秒500次的频率向决策中心发送皮球的运行数据。国际足联技术与创新总监约翰内斯·霍兹米勒表示，该传感器可以实时发送皮球在多方向运行上的加速度信息，系统将根据皮球加速度的变化，自动判断出皮球离开进攻队员脚部的精准时间。在最为关键的画越位线环节，该系统主要依赖于布置在体育场屋顶下方的12个专用跟踪摄像头。它们将运用视频动作捕捉技术，跟踪每个球员身体上的29个相关部位，形成29个数据点，以每秒50次的频率，将包含位置、时间等信息的数据发送至决策中心。最后系统会将皮球传回的时间信息和摄像头跟踪得到的球员肢体位置信息进行整合、计算，得出最终的结果。虽然听起来有些复杂，但整个过程只需要3到4秒，裁判就可以得到一个由系统计算出的精确结果。而如果最终主裁判决定采纳该结果，系统就会通过运动员身体上29个数据点采集到的数据，借助3D人体姿态重建技术，自动生成一段3D动画，该动画将以最佳视角详细画出越位线的位置以及越位球员在接球时身体各部位的位置，并在体育场的巨型屏幕上及转播画面中播放，让球迷们看得“心服口服”。既然人工智能如此强大，那么是否能够直接取代主裁判做出最终的越位判罚？国际足联裁判委员会主席皮耶路易吉·科里纳反复强调，该方案之所以命名为“半自动越位判罚技术”，便是因为其只能为主裁判提供是否越位的参考结果，而无法做出最终判罚。艾堃也表示，在进行越位判罚时，助理裁判员不仅要根据客观事实做出判罚，在一些特殊情况下，还需要其根据规则对比赛发生的事实进行主观判断，“比如处在越位位置的进攻队员虽然没有接球，但其是否干扰了对方队员、是否参与了进攻、有没有通过移动来干扰对方队员处理球等，这些判罚涉及到对于比赛的深入理解，机器暂时无法做出完全准确的判断。”艾堃说。
F | AI技术已在多个体育项目中得到应用 虽然目前该越位判罚技术尚未在所有足球比赛中普及，但与其采用相似的动作捕捉技术、3D人体姿态重建技术的人工智能系统已在多项体育赛事、训练中广泛应用。在2021年进行的东京奥运会上，中国跳水“梦之队”表现堪称完美，拿下7金5银的优秀成绩，人工智能教练便是幕后功臣之一。该教练系统由中国国家跳水队与百度共同推出，是国内首个“3D+AI”跳水训练系统。根据参与该项目的百度资深研发工程师卢飞翔博士介绍，该系统通过高速摄像机捕捉运动员自踏上跳板至完全入水之间的2D高清画面，随后通过大脑3D视觉技术以及深度神经网络技术估算出运动员的三维姿态，并获得每个关节的三维角度。随后再通过人体三维重建技术，将跳水全过程进行三维再现，在此基础上，还可以实现对跳水动作精准的量化评估，模拟裁判打分。不只是辅助训练，人工智能在体育赛事中的应用已经越来越多。在2021年2月举办的北京冬奥测试赛中，由小冰公司研发的人工智能裁判与教练系统“观君”便担任了空中技巧项目唯一的竞赛裁判。
G | 成功完成了个人预决赛、超级决赛、团体预决赛共44人次执裁，获得了国际雪联、国家体育总局冬季运动管理中心的一致认可，而这也是人类历史上首次在无人工干预的情况下，由人工智能独立完成大赛的执裁任务。根据小冰公司CEO李笛介绍，“观君”解决了运动员动作姿态识别难题，并在训练数据非常稀少的情况下构建起了冰雪运动分析模型，能够对空中技巧运动员的运动轨迹、身体姿态、出台角度、高远度等多维度指标进行分析，学习、模拟国际大赛的裁判打分标准。对于这一系统的未来应用，李笛表示，目前所展示的技术往往是阶段性的开始，他相信未来人工智能在体育训练等方面的应用将很快普及到寻常百姓家。
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